BIOL121 WORKSHEET
Due: Allocated practical class (Week 11)
20% final grade
Your submission MUST be handwritten.
QUESTION 1
Fill in the blank boxes to complete THREE rows of your choice in the following table, which summarises the name, location and function of a variety of cells throughout the body. The first line is completed as an example of the level of detail required. (1 mark/line; 3 marks total)
Cell name Where would you usually expect to find this cell type? What is its job? (or primary role)
Parietal cell Gastric glands in the stomach. Secrete intrinsic factor and HCl
Production of melanin to protect underlying tissue from harmful UV radiation.
Spontaneously depolarise to trigger contraction of cardiac muscle.
Establishes the heart rate.
Osteocyte
Contains large quantities of haemoglobin, enabling it to bind and transport respiratory gases.
Chief cells
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QUESTION 2
Relate tissue structure to function.
A. Describe the type of epithelium you would expect to find in each of the locations listed below. (0.5 marks each – total 1.5 marks)
B. How does the structure of this epithelium enable it to best perform its function (ie its ‘job’)? The first line is completed as an example. (1 mark each – total 3 marks)
Location Type of epithelium Relate structure to function
Bladder Transitional epithelium Permits repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling. This allows the bladder to cope with large changes in volume (ie stretch as it fills with urine, and recoil upon micturition).
Alveoli
Trachea
Jejunum
QUESTION 3 /4.5
Complete each of these sentences with a word or phrase that best describes the outlined scenario. (0.5 mark each – total 3 marks)
A. The pressure driven movement of water and solutes from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule is best-described as_____________________.
B. The movement of glucose into cells via glucose transporter proteins is an example of ______________________________.
C. Cells lining the small intestine continue to absorb glucose, even when glucose concentrations are much higher in the cells compared to the intestinal contents. This is because the glucose is entering the cell via the process of __________________________.
D. When a micelle contacts the intestinal epithelium, the fatty acids move into the cells via ____________________________.
E. In the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop, Na+ and Cl- are removed from the tubular fluid via _____________________________.
F. ADH facilitates the insertion of aquaporins into the apical plasma membranes of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting system. These channel proteins allow water to move out of the tubular fluid via ______________________.
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QUESTION 4
There are three functional categories of joints, diarthrosis and two others. List the other two functional categories of joints and complete the table to identify the degree of movement, give an example location and, using your example, explain the advantage of having that degree of movement. The characteristics of diarthrosis joints are summarised below to indicate the level of detail required. (4 marks total)
Joint
movement
type Degree of movement
(0.5 marks) Example location (0.5 marks) Advantage of such control (1 mark each)
Diarthrosis Free
movement Elbow Allows for frequent/free movement of the forearm.
Used in everyday activities such as lifting, writing etc.
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Compare and contrast non-specific and specific defences. Outline TWO points of difference (contrast) and TWO points of similarity (compare) in the table below. (0.5 marks each – total 3 marks) Please be aware of the following criteria:
a) You must provide some description for each point – single word answers are insufficient and will not receive any marks.
b) When contrasting non-specific and specific defences, the points within a row MUST be related, and a brief explanation provided. An example is provided.
Non-Specific Defences Specific Defences
Contrast
(Hint: What is different about…?) 1a.
The non-specific response is not targeted to a specific antigen. It is the same every time, no matter the potential pathogen. 1b.
Produces a targeted (specific) response to a specific antigen.
2a. 2b.
3a. 3b.
Compare
(What is the same about…?) They both…
They both…
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Label the following diagram using the suggested labels below. All terms will be used. Some boxes will contain two terms. (0.25 marks each - 3 marks total)
Afferent
Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
Brain
Central nervous system Efferent Motor pathways Parasympathetic division
Peripheral nervous system
Sensory pathways
Somatic nervous system (voluntary)
Spinal cord
Sympathetic division
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is recessive sex-linked disorder, which causes muscle degeneration and premature death. A couple is pregnant with a boy and neither have DMD. The father’s family has no history of DMD, but the mother is unsure of her genetic family history as she was adopted. The mother decides to take advantage of some of the new genomic screening tests and learns information about a large number of her genes. She finds that she is a carrier of the DMD affected allele. (3 marks total)
A. What is the mother’s genotype? Explain your reasoning. (1 mark)
B. What is the father’s genotype? Explain your reasoning. (1 mark)
C. What is the likelihood of the male foetus having DMD? Use a punnet square to explain your answer. (1 mark)
Questions written by BIOL121 national staff members 7
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A 79-year old woman, who was visiting her 82-year old husband at the hospital where you work, cuts herself on the sharp edge of a rubbish bin. In a few days, she developed a wound infection. Lab cultures were completed and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were shown to be present. Consider this story in relation to microbiology principles, and complete the circle of infection by identifying the infectious agent, the reservoir, the mode of transmission and the portal of entry. (0.5 marks each - 2 marks total)
Questions written by BIOL121 national staff members 8
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1. Write the name of each vessel type pictured in the table below in the corresponding box.
2. For TWO of the vessels, complete the row to include (a) the key identifying feature of that vessel type, (b) the layer in which this key identifying feature is found, (c) indicate whether the key identifying feature is notable because it is present in large amounts OR present in small amounts OR absent and (d) how this key identifying feature relates to the function of that vessel. (0.5 marks for a-c and 1 mark for d; total 5 marks)
Picture Vessel type? Identifying feature? Layer of vessel? Notable because… Relates to vessel function because…
Questions written by BIOL121 national staff members 9 /5
QUESTION 10
A. Indicate which phase of haemostasis is depicted in each of the pictures below. (1.5 marks total)
B. Provide a brief description of each phase, using the diagrams to help explain your answer. Note: it is not necessary to label parts of the diagrams, but you may do so if it will help you explain the phases. (3 marks total)
Picture Name of phase Description of phase
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QUESTION 11
The action of the enzyme lactase is depicted in this diagram. For each location (a-d), choose the MOST appropriate term from the table below and write the corresponding number on the diagram. (2 marks total)
www.biologycorner.com
1 Pepsin 2 Active site 3 Products: Glucose 4 Glucose 5 Lactase 6 Products: Glucose + galactose
7 Lactose 8 Products: Glucose +
Maltose 9 Lipase 10 Substrate site 11 Fructose 12 Binding grove
QUESTION 12
Complete the paragraph below using terms from the list provided. For each blank, choose the term that BEST fits. More words than necessary are provided, and terms may be used more than once. (0.5 marks each – 3 marks total)
Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the ____________ via the action of the enzyme _____________.
Enzymatic action is a form of _______________ digestion. Carbohydrates must be broken down into
__________________ before they can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Lactase is an example of a __________________ that is produced by the brush border of the _______________________.
• salivary amylase • HCl • monosaccharides • amino acids
• disaccharides • chemical • mouth • pancreatic amylase
• blood • lipase • large intestine • carbohydrase
• carbohydrates • mechanical • pancreas • small intestine
• fats • lymph • pepsin • stomach
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QUESTION 13
Complete the table below to outline TWO feedback mechanisms (blood pressure and another of your choice). Your second mechanism must be one that is mediated by a hormone of the hypothalamuspituitary axis; record both the mechanism and the hormone in the table below.
For both blood pressure and your chosen mechanism, you will need to (a) describe the main role of each feedback mechanism, (b) identify the receptor, control centre and effector and (c) specify whether this is a positive or negative feedback mechanism. Body temperature is provided as an example of the level of detail required. (0.5 marks each – 5 marks total)
Mechanism: Body temperature Blood pressure Mechanism: Hormone:
Role:
Maintaining body temperature within narrow, optimal limits
Receptor:
Thermoreceptor in skin
Control centre:
Brain (hypothalamus)
Effector:
Sweat glands and arterioles near the skin. (NB This is one of a number of possible answers.)
Positive or negative feedback? Negative
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QUESTION 14
The paragraph below relates to this graph, which describes changes in membrane potential over time.
A. Fill in each of the blanks to complete the paragraph using terms from the list provided. More words than necessary are provided, and terms may be used more than once. B. Circle and label the appropriate parts of the graph as directed below. (0.5 marks each – 4 marks total)
At the start of an Action Potential, an ion channel opens in the membrane. Overall movement of _________ ions is into the cell. The reason for this is that their concentration is higher _____________ the cell; and the inside of the cell is more ___________________ charged. Circle and label the point where the voltage-gated ion channel opens on the graph with a 1.
The Action Potential has progressed. Now those channels close, and another group of ion channels open. Overall movement of the second ion, ____________, is out of the cell. The cell membrane is now undergoing _____________________. Circle and label this process on the graph with a 2.
The ________________________ period is the period of time in which the nerve membrane cannot respond to a stimulus (start another action potential) no matter how strong the stimulus is.
• Na+ • negatively • peak action potential
• K+ • positively • absolute refractory period
• Ca+ • repolarisation • relative refractory period
• inside • depolarisation
• outside • hyperpolarisation
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QUESTION 15
The results of dipstick urinalysis of two urine samples are listed below. Sample 1 belongs to a 25 year old male computer programmer. Sample 2 belongs to a 22 year old female triathlete.
A. For each parameter, fill in the normal values. (Hint: Refer to the Week 10 laboratory activity to get you started).
Parameter Normal values Sample 1 Sample 2
Colour Dark yellow Reddish tinge
Glucose 5.5 mmol/L Negative
Bilirubin - Negative
Ketones - Negative
Specific gravity 1.039 1.010
Blood - ++
pH 5.0 6.0
Protein - 0.3 g/L
Nitrite - Negative
Leukocytes - Negative
A. What personal protective equipment should be worn when handling someone else’s urine? Why? (1 mark)
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Choose ONE of the samples above and use the free response section below to answer the following questions.
B. Compare the normal and sample values. List any abnormalities you observe in the section below. Are they higher or lower than normal? (1 mark)
C. Give a situation in which you might expect to see these changes in an otherwise healthy individual. (1 mark)
D. What might have been happening in the nephron to cause these abnormal results? Explain your observed abnormalities by linking them with the part of the nephron involved and the process involved (ie filtration, secretion or reabsorption). Ensure that any relationships between the abnormal readings are made clear in your response. (2 marks)
Chosen sample:
QUESTION 16
Regarding ventilation, which process is active - inhalation or exhalation? Explain your answer. (1 mark)
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QUESTION 17
The figure below illustrates inspiration and expiration. Refer to this figure to answer the following questions. (0.5 marks each - 3 marks total)
Question Answer
Contraction of which muscle/s produces the movement labelled -1-?
Contraction of which muscle/s produces the movement labelled “2”?
At label “3”, is pressure outside greater than or less than pressure inside the lungs?
Is the pressure in the space labelled -4-, higher or lower compared to the atmospheric pressure?
At label “8”, is pressure outside greater than or less than pressure inside the lungs?
Name any ONE muscle that contracts to cause the extra movement required when you need to expire forcefully (indicated by the arrows labelled -6- and -7-).
QUESTION 18
Describe the changes in volume and pressure inside the chest cavity during a normal exhalation.
Explain why these changes are occurring, and the effect upon airflow. (2 marks)
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